My Quizlets
Essential Vocabulary
Here is a fairly comprehensive list of vocabulary terms you may run across during the year. Though the list is extensive there may be terms not listed.
Unit 1 - What is Science?
HINT:
Review your lab safety
Science
- "the search for knowledge", the systematic knowledge of the physical or
material world gained through observation and experimentation; science is
dynamic - in a state of change as new discoveries are
made
quantitative observation - use numbers
or measurements to describe with one or more of your senses; senses may be
enhanced with specialized instruments
qualitative
observation - describe with one or more of your senses using the
qualities of something like color; senses may be enhanced with specialized
instruments
inference - logical process by
which new statements are derived from known and observed facts; may or may not
be true
procedure - steps used in the
experiment
analysis - using math to make meaning of the
data
controlled variables - keeping all the other
variables the same except the independent
variable
control - having a treatment in
which nothing was done as a comparison for other treatments in an
experiment
conclusion - a statement about your
discoveries in the experiment
theory - a well supported
explanation in science in which some aspects are still not fully
understood
hypothesis - an educated guess
or prediction that can be tested in
science
scientific method - the logical
process or series of steps by which scientist gather and verify
information
scientific law - facts or a
process well documented and understood in
science
independent variable - manipulated
variable - controlled by the scientist - graphed on the
x-axis
dependent variable - responding
variable - measured by the scientist - graphed on the
y-axis
technology - using
science to make useful things
SI - the
International System of Units (metric
system)
kilo -
1000
hecto -
100
deca -
10
deci -
0.1
centi -
.01
milli -
.001
Unit
2 Interactions of Matter
Atom -
the smallest unit of an element that maintains
the chemical properties of that element; basic builidng bliock of
matter
Boiling Point -
temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas at
a given pressure
Density -the measure of mass of a substance per
unit volume
Ductility - the ablity to be
formed or pulled into a wire or tube
Element
- a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means; all the same of type atoms
Compound -a substance made of two or more
different atoms
Heat - the energy transferred between
objects that are at different temperatures
Mass - amount of matter contained in a
substance
Matter -
anything that has mass and volume
Melting
Point - the temperature and pressure at which a solid becomes a
liquid
Maleability - able to be bended, shaped, or
flattened or hammered flat
Motion - an
object's change in position relative to a reference
point
Particles - a very small piece or part; a tiny
portion or speck.
Phase - one of the four states or
conditions in which a substance can exist: solid, liquid, gas, or
plasma.
Physical Changes
- a change which occurs without changing the identity of the
substance.
Pure Substance - a sample of matter, either
a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical
properties
Saturation -
a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute
under the given conditions
Solubility - the solubility to dissolve in
another substance
Solute - in a solution,
the substance that dissolves in the solvent
Solvent
- in a solution, the substance in which the solute
dissolves
Volume - amount
of space an object occupies
Mass - a measure of the amount of matter in an
object
Crystal Pattern - a
solid in which all the atoms are arranged in a regular, repeating
pattern.
Evaporation - process in which
liquid water changes to water vapor with the addition of
energy.
Filtering - a porous material
through which a substance is passed in order to separate the fluid from
suspended particulate matter.
Heterogeneous - a mixture that is not mixed
evenly and each component retains its own
properties
Homogenous - solid, liquid or gas that contains
two or more
substances blended evenly
throughout.
Mixtures -
the physical combination of 2 or more substances; can be separated by
physical means.
Molecule - the smallest
physical unit of a compound that can exist independently, consisting of one or
more atoms held together by chemical forces; formed by
bonding
Sifting - to separate and retain
the coarse parts to remove lumps and large
particles
Conductivity -
property of metal and alloys that allow heat or electricity charges to pass through the material
easily.
Metals - an element below and to
the left of the stair-step line of metalloids; about 80% of the known elements
are
metals; metals are shiny, good conductors, low specific heat, high
mealting points, maleable, and ductile.
Model -
a standard or example used for
comparison.
Periodic Table - an arrangement
of elements in order of increasing atomic numbers that demonstrates the periodic
patterns that occur among the elements.
Physical
Properties - a characteristic of a substance that can be
observed without changing the identity of the
substance
Reactivity - the ability of an
atom or molecule to undergo a chemical reaction with another atom, molecule or
compound.
Chemical bond -the
"glue" that attracts and keeps atoms held together due to sharing of each atom's
electrons
Chemical change
- the process in which one or more substances are changed into
one or more new substances
Chemical property - property that can be
observed only when a substance is changed into a new
substance
Chemical reaction -
the process in which one or more substances are changed into one or more new
substances
Precipitate - the solid that is
formed as a result of a precipitation
reaction
Closed System - the reactants and
products in the reaction that are contained to reduce
error
Law of Conservation of Mass - states
that the total amount of mass and energy in the universe is conserved (does not
change)
Products - materials present at
the end of a reaction
Reactants - the
starting materials in a reaction
Unit
3 Cell Processes, Digestion and Disease
Cells -Basic unit of life; smallest structural unit
of an organism that is capable of functioning
independently
Eukaryotic Cells
-Cells that have a distinct, membrane-bound
nucleus
Fuel -Something that
gives nourishment; food
Molecule
-The smallest physical unit of an element or compound, consisting of
one or more like atoms in an element and two or more different atoms in a
compound
Organelle -A
specialized subunit (cell organ) within a cell that has a specific function and
is usually separately enclosed with its own lipid
layer
Prokaryotic Cells -Cells
without a nucleus
Respiration
-The process in which nutrients are converted into useful energy in a
cell
Thermal Energy -The
movement of atoms and molecules; portion of energy that is responsible for a
system's temperature
Alcohol
-An organic compound that is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid
that can be consumed by humans and in other forms used in thermometers, as a
solvent, and as a fuel.
Dietary Habits
-The decisions an individual makes when choosing what foods to
eat
Digestion -Process by
which food is broken up physically, by action of teeth, and chemically, by
action of enzymes, and converted into a substance suitable for absorption into
the body.
Respiration -The
process in which nutrients are converted into useful energy in a cell; process
where organisms take in oxygen and release carbon
dioxide
Tobacco Product
-processed from the leaves of a plant, it can be consumed, used as a drug,
pesticide, and in some medicines.
Toxic
Substance-Any chemical or mixture that may be harmful to the
environment and to human health if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the
skin
Antibiotics- drug that
kills bacteria and cures bacterial infections and
diseases
Bacteria -domain of
prokaryotes, some of which cause human diseases. Lacks a nucleus.
Disease- An abnormal
functioning of the body or part of body, sometimes caused by
infections.
Fungi -kingdom in
the domain Eukarya that includes molds, mushrooms, and
yeasts
Host Cell -Cell of
species that is harmed in a parasitic
relationship
Microbiology -The
study of organisms which are too small to see without a microscope.
Parasite -Organism that forms
symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other species is
harmed
Prevention -Methods of
reducing the likelihood of contracting a disease. Methods of prevention depend
on the organism that causes the
disease.
Treatment -The
response to a disease provided through medical
professionals
Unicellular -An
organism composed of one cell
only
Virus -A particle that
cannot independently reproduce yet contains genetic information and can evolve.
Viruses may cause disease in the host
cell/organism
Antimicrobial
-Describing a substance that kills microbes in an effort to prevent the
spread of a disease
Epidemic
-Occurs when the incidence rate of a disease is higher than expected in
a certain area
Microbes
-Microscopic
organisms
Microbiology -The
study of microscopic organisms
Pandemic
-An epidemic that spreads across a large area, like a
continent
Pathogen -Disease
causing organism; "germ"
Vector -
Mechanisms or organisms (excluding humans) that spread diseases without
showing symptoms
Biotechnology
-The use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful
products. For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in
agriculture, food production and
medicine
UNIT 4 - THE
HYDROSPHERE
Adhesion –
the tendency of water to stick to other substances
Buoyancy – the ability of a fluid to exert
an upward force on an object that is immersed in the
fluid
Capillary Action – the process that
moves water through a narrow porous
space
Cohesion – the attractive force
between water molecules
Insoluble – not soluble; will
not dissolve
Polarity – uneven distribution of charges
across a molecule
Soluble – having the
ability to be dissolved in another
substance
Specific Heat – the amount of
heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree
Celsius; low specific heat means a substance will heat up
quickly
Surface Tension – the force that
acts on the particles at the surface of a
material
Universal Solvent – the quality of
water that makes it able to dissolve more substances than any other solvent
can
Condensation – the process of warm air
cooling as it rises and releasing moisture in the form of a
liqui
Evaporation – the process by which a
liquid is changed into a vapor from the surface by gaining
energy
Groundwater - water located below
Earth’s surface in aquifers
Hydrosphere
-the portion of the Earth that contains water; all the water on the
earth
Impermeable - does not allow water to move
through
Infiltration - water that seeps
into rocks and between particles of soil; see
percolation
Percolation - the downward
movement of water through pores and other spaces in soil due to gravity
Permeable - having pores or openings that
allow water(or other liquids) to flow through
them
Precipitation - the rain, snow, sleet
or hail that falls from clouds onto the Earth’s land and
oceans
Runoff - is precipitation that flows
over land into streams and rivers. This water later enters
oceans.
Surface Water - water found on the
surface of the Earth
Transpiration - water
vapor given off by plant photosynthesis via water vapor through the pores in the
leaves (stomata)
Aquifer - an underground
layer of rock or soil that holds water
Artesian Well
- a well in which water rises because of pressure within aquifer from
water above
Drought - a long period of
scarce rainfall
Ecological Address - For
Raleigh -the Neuse River Basin
Glaciers - a
large mass of moving ice and snow on land
Hydrology
- the study of water
Icecaps - a
glacier forming on an extensive area of relatively level land and flowing
outward from its center; ex. Greenland or
Antarctica
Icebergs - a large floating mass
of freshwater ice detached from a glacier
Reservoir - a
man made lake that stores water for human use
River
Basin - the region of land drained by a large river and its
tributaries
Watershed - the land area that
supplies water to a river system from smaller
areas
Wetland - land area that is covered
with a shallow layer of water during some or all of the
year
Tides -the change in depth of the
ocean due to the moon’s and sun’s gravitational pull of the water on
earth
Ocean Wave - a disturbance in ocean
water caused by wind
Tsunami - a seismic
sea wave
Surface Current - a circulation or
movement of water due to the winds; warm or
cool
Deep Current - an underwater
circulation or movement of water dut to changes in the water’s density
(salinity; temperature);
cold
Longshore Current
- the movement of water( a river of water and sand) parallel to the
beach caused by waves striking the beach at an
angle
Rip Current or Rip Tide - the quick
movement of water offshore due to a break in an offshore sandbar; caused many
swimmers to drown each year
Abiotic Factor
the non-living factors of the environment that an organism lives in.
Abyssal Plain - mostly flat portion of ocean floor
which provides a home to a variety of unique organisms that are adapted to the
extreme conditions of this habitat.
Aphotic Zone or
Deep Zone - lowest layer of the ocean, where light does not
reach.
Benthos - organisms that live on or
in the ocean floor.
Bioluminescence - the production
of non-thermal light by creatures' converting chemical energy to light energy to
lure prey, attract a mate, or assist in keeping like species together. An
estimated 75 percent of benthic creatures
glow
Consumer - feed on other organisms
(plant or animal) because they cannot make their own food, a
heterotroph
Continental Shelf - extends
from the edge of the continent outward to where the bottom sharply drops off
into a steep slope.
Continental Slope - the steep
incline between the continental shelf and the abyssal
plain.
Ecosystem - a community of different
but interdependent species and their non-living
environment.
Estuary - body of water where
a river meets the ocean
Fauna - animals
Flora - plants
Food Chain -
a hierarchy of food relationships from the simplest to most
complex
Habitat - the immediate space where
an animal or plant lives and has food, water and
protection.
Intertidal Zone - the area that
lies between the low-tide and the high-tide
line.
Mid-Ocean Ridge - a chain of undersea
mountains that circles the earth through every ocean at diverging tectonic plate
boundaries
Nekton - free-swimming
organisms whose movements are independent of the tides, currents, and waves.
Neritic Zone - the first 200 meters (656
feet) of ocean water, which includes the seashore and most of the continental
shelf.
Oceanic
Zone - extends from 200 meters (656 feet) deep all the way
down to the bottom of the ocean.
Ocean trench -
the deepest parts of the ocean. The deepest one is the Marianas Trench
(located in the South Pacific Ocean -
almost 5 miles (8.05 kilometers)
deep.
Photic Zone - the top layer of the
ocean where sunlight penetrates, above 200 meters
Phytoplankton -
the plant and algae component of the plankton; the primary producers of
most ocean food webs.
Producer - a living
thing that produces its own food within itself, usually by using sunlight energy
in photosynthesis; an autotroph
Salinity -
the amount of dissolved solids in seawater aprroximately 35 parts per
thousand
Upwelling - the upward movement to
the ocean surface of deeper, cold and usually nutrient-rich waters, especially
along some shores, due to the offshore movement of surface waters
Echo sounder
- a device used to determine depth by sound waves.
Fathom - a unit of measure for ocean depth. One fathom
is 6 feet (1.83 meters).
Oceanography -
the study and exploration of the world's
ocean.
ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) -
unmanned submersible tethered to a mother ship and operated by pilots
using a joy stick.
Scuba -
Self-Contained
Underwater Breathing
Apparatus - device that allows divers to breathe underwater for
long periods of
time.
SONAR - SOund
NAvigationRanging - used to measure ocean
depth by sending sound to bounce off the ocean floor.
Submersible - a small submarine used to
explore the ocean depths; equipped with windows, lights, mechanical arms,
cameras and other scientific instruments capable of seeing and recording
data.
Populations Unit 5
Vocabulary
Purpose: To
understand the interaction among organisms in an ecosystem; to connect the flow
of energy within living things to the flow of matter in our environment.
Abiotic- are those non-living
physical and chemical factors which affect the ability of organisms to survive
and reproduce ex. Sunlight, temperature, soil or rocks, availability of water,
pollutants
Biotic- all the
living factors that impact an organism ex. Disease, parasitism,
predation
Biome- a division
based on climate, plants and animals; an environment that has a characteristic
type of climax community ex. Freshwater biome—all of the lake, pond, stream,
& river communities on
Earth
Carrying Capacity- is
the maximum number of organisms the resources of an ecosystem can support. The
carrying capacity of the environment is limited by the available abiotic and
biotic resources (limiting factors), as well as the ability of
ecosystems to recycle the residue of dead organisms through the activities of
bacteria and fungi
Climax
community-a stable community that is in final stage of
succession
Commensalism- a
form of symbiosis in which one organism benefits and the other is not
harmed
Community- the living
part of an ecosystem composed of many
species
Competition- the type
of interaction among organism s; the struggle to obtain needed resources of
food, water, shelter, . .
.
Consumer- an organism that
CANNOT make its own
food
Decomposer-an organism
that breaks down the bodies of dead organisms into simpler substances ex.
Bacteria &
fungi
Dispersal- the movement
of living things from one place to
another
Ecosystem-a unit
consisting of all the living and nonliving things in a given area that interact
with one another
Endangered-
in danger of becoming
extinct
Environment- all t he
living and nonliving things with which an organism may
interact
Food Web- a diagram
that show many overlapping food
chains
Habitat- the place in
which an organism lives and obtains the resources it needs to
survive
Host- an organism that
provides a home to another organism
Unit
Six - Earth History
Absolute
(radioactive)Dating - measurement of the known rates of decay of
radioactive materials that an object contains in order to determine the age of
the object
Index Fossil -
fossil known to have lived in a particular geologic age that can be used to
determine the date of the rock layer in which it was
found
Law of Superposition -
states that in undisturbed rock layers that newer layer will be deposited over
older layers
Law of Crosscutting
Relationships = states rock layers that cut across other rock layers
are younger than those they
cut
Relative Dating -
determining the age or order of things from the past or past events without
knowing or calculating the actual
age
Sedimentary rock - rock
formed by deposition of sand, clay and other pieces of rock that are compacted
together under
pressure
Uranium - radioactive
heavy metal that is an abundant source of nuclear energy that has 14 known
isotopes used in radioactive
dating
Fault - fracture along
which blocks of the Earth's crust that can be caused by the shifting or
dislodging of the Earth's crust. Types include normal, strike slip, or
reverse
Fossils - remains or
traces of animals, plants and other organisms from the past; usually at leat
10000 years old
Geologic Time
Scale = system of chronological measurement that relate to the history
of events in Earth's past, consisting of fossils and major
events
Ice Core - a core
sample of ice removed from a sheet of ice. Properties of the ice and the
crystallized components in the ice are used to reconstruct climatic
record
Igneous rocks - type of
rock formed under or above ground when magma or lava
cools
Metamorphic rock - rock created from
the transformation of other types of rock through heat and
pressure
Adaptation - an inherited mutation in an organism's
DNA that provided an advantage for survival for a
species.
Biologic Change -
change in an organism's genetic makeup, DNA, that occurs through natural
selection of advantageous traits for survival over an extended period of
time.
Biological
classification- the organization and identification of an organism from
general to specific by identifying the organisms' Domain, Kingdom, Phylum,
Class, Order, Genus, and
Species
Comparative anatomy
-the analysis of body structures (body systems , skeletal systems) between two
or more different species that provides insight into the genetic/biologic
similarities and differences across
species
Continental Plate -
the crust that makes up the
continents
Embryological
similarities - liknesses in the embryonic stage of development between
different species; evidence for
evolution.
Extinction -the
complete elimination (dying out) of a species due to the species inability to
survive and therefore adapt to its
environment.
Geographic Change
- the change in a geographic area caused by earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains
forming, and other natural
phenomena.
Geologic Time Scale
- timeline that illustrates Earth's past. This timeline includes the divisors of
the 4.6 billion years of Earth's geologic and biologic existence, and divides
time into eons, eras, periods, and epochs. The divisions of the time scale are
based on major events that have caused major geologic or biologic change
throughout history, such as mass
extinctions.
Geology - the
study of the rocks, processes, and history of
Earth
Homologous Body
Structures - Similar body structures and systems between different
species; evidence for biologic
evolution
Oceanic Plate - the
part of Earth's crust that underlies the
oceans
Plate Tectonics -the
Earth's lithosphere is broken into major and minor plates of continental or
oceanic crust that are in constant motion due to their position above the
convection currents of the asthenosphere. The movement of the tectonic plates is
responsible for geologic and subsequent biologic change over
time.
Theory of Evolution- the
theory that organisms/species change over time, caused by the natural selection
of advantageous traits for survival in a particular environment. This theory
also proposes that all organisms evolved from a common
ancestor.
Adaptation - a
beneficial trait that helps an organism survive in its
environment.
Genetic Variation - the
characteristics that make members of the same species different from one
another.
Variations - are the
different forms of a trait.
Genotype
- the genetic makeup of a cell or organism; defined by certain alleles
for a particular
trait.
Offspring - a child or
animal in relation to its parent or
parents.
Phenotype - the
physical appearance that is a result of the
genotype.
Natural Selection -
explanation of how organisms in a population develop traits that allow them to
survive and
reproduce
Unit 1 - What is Science?
HINT:
Review your lab safety
Science
- "the search for knowledge", the systematic knowledge of the physical or
material world gained through observation and experimentation; science is
dynamic - in a state of change as new discoveries are
made
quantitative observation - use numbers
or measurements to describe with one or more of your senses; senses may be
enhanced with specialized instruments
qualitative
observation - describe with one or more of your senses using the
qualities of something like color; senses may be enhanced with specialized
instruments
inference - logical process by
which new statements are derived from known and observed facts; may or may not
be true
procedure - steps used in the
experiment
analysis - using math to make meaning of the
data
controlled variables - keeping all the other
variables the same except the independent
variable
control - having a treatment in
which nothing was done as a comparison for other treatments in an
experiment
conclusion - a statement about your
discoveries in the experiment
theory - a well supported
explanation in science in which some aspects are still not fully
understood
hypothesis - an educated guess
or prediction that can be tested in
science
scientific method - the logical
process or series of steps by which scientist gather and verify
information
scientific law - facts or a
process well documented and understood in
science
independent variable - manipulated
variable - controlled by the scientist - graphed on the
x-axis
dependent variable - responding
variable - measured by the scientist - graphed on the
y-axis
technology - using
science to make useful things
SI - the
International System of Units (metric
system)
kilo -
1000
hecto -
100
deca -
10
deci -
0.1
centi -
.01
milli -
.001
Unit
2 Interactions of Matter
Atom -
the smallest unit of an element that maintains
the chemical properties of that element; basic builidng bliock of
matter
Boiling Point -
temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas at
a given pressure
Density -the measure of mass of a substance per
unit volume
Ductility - the ablity to be
formed or pulled into a wire or tube
Element
- a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means; all the same of type atoms
Compound -a substance made of two or more
different atoms
Heat - the energy transferred between
objects that are at different temperatures
Mass - amount of matter contained in a
substance
Matter -
anything that has mass and volume
Melting
Point - the temperature and pressure at which a solid becomes a
liquid
Maleability - able to be bended, shaped, or
flattened or hammered flat
Motion - an
object's change in position relative to a reference
point
Particles - a very small piece or part; a tiny
portion or speck.
Phase - one of the four states or
conditions in which a substance can exist: solid, liquid, gas, or
plasma.
Physical Changes
- a change which occurs without changing the identity of the
substance.
Pure Substance - a sample of matter, either
a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical
properties
Saturation -
a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute
under the given conditions
Solubility - the solubility to dissolve in
another substance
Solute - in a solution,
the substance that dissolves in the solvent
Solvent
- in a solution, the substance in which the solute
dissolves
Volume - amount
of space an object occupies
Mass - a measure of the amount of matter in an
object
Crystal Pattern - a
solid in which all the atoms are arranged in a regular, repeating
pattern.
Evaporation - process in which
liquid water changes to water vapor with the addition of
energy.
Filtering - a porous material
through which a substance is passed in order to separate the fluid from
suspended particulate matter.
Heterogeneous - a mixture that is not mixed
evenly and each component retains its own
properties
Homogenous - solid, liquid or gas that contains
two or more
substances blended evenly
throughout.
Mixtures -
the physical combination of 2 or more substances; can be separated by
physical means.
Molecule - the smallest
physical unit of a compound that can exist independently, consisting of one or
more atoms held together by chemical forces; formed by
bonding
Sifting - to separate and retain
the coarse parts to remove lumps and large
particles
Conductivity -
property of metal and alloys that allow heat or electricity charges to pass through the material
easily.
Metals - an element below and to
the left of the stair-step line of metalloids; about 80% of the known elements
are
metals; metals are shiny, good conductors, low specific heat, high
mealting points, maleable, and ductile.
Model -
a standard or example used for
comparison.
Periodic Table - an arrangement
of elements in order of increasing atomic numbers that demonstrates the periodic
patterns that occur among the elements.
Physical
Properties - a characteristic of a substance that can be
observed without changing the identity of the
substance
Reactivity - the ability of an
atom or molecule to undergo a chemical reaction with another atom, molecule or
compound.
Chemical bond -the
"glue" that attracts and keeps atoms held together due to sharing of each atom's
electrons
Chemical change
- the process in which one or more substances are changed into
one or more new substances
Chemical property - property that can be
observed only when a substance is changed into a new
substance
Chemical reaction -
the process in which one or more substances are changed into one or more new
substances
Precipitate - the solid that is
formed as a result of a precipitation
reaction
Closed System - the reactants and
products in the reaction that are contained to reduce
error
Law of Conservation of Mass - states
that the total amount of mass and energy in the universe is conserved (does not
change)
Products - materials present at
the end of a reaction
Reactants - the
starting materials in a reaction
Unit
3 Cell Processes, Digestion and Disease
Cells -Basic unit of life; smallest structural unit
of an organism that is capable of functioning
independently
Eukaryotic Cells
-Cells that have a distinct, membrane-bound
nucleus
Fuel -Something that
gives nourishment; food
Molecule
-The smallest physical unit of an element or compound, consisting of
one or more like atoms in an element and two or more different atoms in a
compound
Organelle -A
specialized subunit (cell organ) within a cell that has a specific function and
is usually separately enclosed with its own lipid
layer
Prokaryotic Cells -Cells
without a nucleus
Respiration
-The process in which nutrients are converted into useful energy in a
cell
Thermal Energy -The
movement of atoms and molecules; portion of energy that is responsible for a
system's temperature
Alcohol
-An organic compound that is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid
that can be consumed by humans and in other forms used in thermometers, as a
solvent, and as a fuel.
Dietary Habits
-The decisions an individual makes when choosing what foods to
eat
Digestion -Process by
which food is broken up physically, by action of teeth, and chemically, by
action of enzymes, and converted into a substance suitable for absorption into
the body.
Respiration -The
process in which nutrients are converted into useful energy in a cell; process
where organisms take in oxygen and release carbon
dioxide
Tobacco Product
-processed from the leaves of a plant, it can be consumed, used as a drug,
pesticide, and in some medicines.
Toxic
Substance-Any chemical or mixture that may be harmful to the
environment and to human health if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the
skin
Antibiotics- drug that
kills bacteria and cures bacterial infections and
diseases
Bacteria -domain of
prokaryotes, some of which cause human diseases. Lacks a nucleus.
Disease- An abnormal
functioning of the body or part of body, sometimes caused by
infections.
Fungi -kingdom in
the domain Eukarya that includes molds, mushrooms, and
yeasts
Host Cell -Cell of
species that is harmed in a parasitic
relationship
Microbiology -The
study of organisms which are too small to see without a microscope.
Parasite -Organism that forms
symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other species is
harmed
Prevention -Methods of
reducing the likelihood of contracting a disease. Methods of prevention depend
on the organism that causes the
disease.
Treatment -The
response to a disease provided through medical
professionals
Unicellular -An
organism composed of one cell
only
Virus -A particle that
cannot independently reproduce yet contains genetic information and can evolve.
Viruses may cause disease in the host
cell/organism
Antimicrobial
-Describing a substance that kills microbes in an effort to prevent the
spread of a disease
Epidemic
-Occurs when the incidence rate of a disease is higher than expected in
a certain area
Microbes
-Microscopic
organisms
Microbiology -The
study of microscopic organisms
Pandemic
-An epidemic that spreads across a large area, like a
continent
Pathogen -Disease
causing organism; "germ"
Vector -
Mechanisms or organisms (excluding humans) that spread diseases without
showing symptoms
Biotechnology
-The use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful
products. For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in
agriculture, food production and
medicine
UNIT 4 - THE
HYDROSPHERE
Adhesion –
the tendency of water to stick to other substances
Buoyancy – the ability of a fluid to exert
an upward force on an object that is immersed in the
fluid
Capillary Action – the process that
moves water through a narrow porous
space
Cohesion – the attractive force
between water molecules
Insoluble – not soluble; will
not dissolve
Polarity – uneven distribution of charges
across a molecule
Soluble – having the
ability to be dissolved in another
substance
Specific Heat – the amount of
heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree
Celsius; low specific heat means a substance will heat up
quickly
Surface Tension – the force that
acts on the particles at the surface of a
material
Universal Solvent – the quality of
water that makes it able to dissolve more substances than any other solvent
can
Condensation – the process of warm air
cooling as it rises and releasing moisture in the form of a
liqui
Evaporation – the process by which a
liquid is changed into a vapor from the surface by gaining
energy
Groundwater - water located below
Earth’s surface in aquifers
Hydrosphere
-the portion of the Earth that contains water; all the water on the
earth
Impermeable - does not allow water to move
through
Infiltration - water that seeps
into rocks and between particles of soil; see
percolation
Percolation - the downward
movement of water through pores and other spaces in soil due to gravity
Permeable - having pores or openings that
allow water(or other liquids) to flow through
them
Precipitation - the rain, snow, sleet
or hail that falls from clouds onto the Earth’s land and
oceans
Runoff - is precipitation that flows
over land into streams and rivers. This water later enters
oceans.
Surface Water - water found on the
surface of the Earth
Transpiration - water
vapor given off by plant photosynthesis via water vapor through the pores in the
leaves (stomata)
Aquifer - an underground
layer of rock or soil that holds water
Artesian Well
- a well in which water rises because of pressure within aquifer from
water above
Drought - a long period of
scarce rainfall
Ecological Address - For
Raleigh -the Neuse River Basin
Glaciers - a
large mass of moving ice and snow on land
Hydrology
- the study of water
Icecaps - a
glacier forming on an extensive area of relatively level land and flowing
outward from its center; ex. Greenland or
Antarctica
Icebergs - a large floating mass
of freshwater ice detached from a glacier
Reservoir - a
man made lake that stores water for human use
River
Basin - the region of land drained by a large river and its
tributaries
Watershed - the land area that
supplies water to a river system from smaller
areas
Wetland - land area that is covered
with a shallow layer of water during some or all of the
year
Tides -the change in depth of the
ocean due to the moon’s and sun’s gravitational pull of the water on
earth
Ocean Wave - a disturbance in ocean
water caused by wind
Tsunami - a seismic
sea wave
Surface Current - a circulation or
movement of water due to the winds; warm or
cool
Deep Current - an underwater
circulation or movement of water dut to changes in the water’s density
(salinity; temperature);
cold
Longshore Current
- the movement of water( a river of water and sand) parallel to the
beach caused by waves striking the beach at an
angle
Rip Current or Rip Tide - the quick
movement of water offshore due to a break in an offshore sandbar; caused many
swimmers to drown each year
Abiotic Factor
the non-living factors of the environment that an organism lives in.
Abyssal Plain - mostly flat portion of ocean floor
which provides a home to a variety of unique organisms that are adapted to the
extreme conditions of this habitat.
Aphotic Zone or
Deep Zone - lowest layer of the ocean, where light does not
reach.
Benthos - organisms that live on or
in the ocean floor.
Bioluminescence - the production
of non-thermal light by creatures' converting chemical energy to light energy to
lure prey, attract a mate, or assist in keeping like species together. An
estimated 75 percent of benthic creatures
glow
Consumer - feed on other organisms
(plant or animal) because they cannot make their own food, a
heterotroph
Continental Shelf - extends
from the edge of the continent outward to where the bottom sharply drops off
into a steep slope.
Continental Slope - the steep
incline between the continental shelf and the abyssal
plain.
Ecosystem - a community of different
but interdependent species and their non-living
environment.
Estuary - body of water where
a river meets the ocean
Fauna - animals
Flora - plants
Food Chain -
a hierarchy of food relationships from the simplest to most
complex
Habitat - the immediate space where
an animal or plant lives and has food, water and
protection.
Intertidal Zone - the area that
lies between the low-tide and the high-tide
line.
Mid-Ocean Ridge - a chain of undersea
mountains that circles the earth through every ocean at diverging tectonic plate
boundaries
Nekton - free-swimming
organisms whose movements are independent of the tides, currents, and waves.
Neritic Zone - the first 200 meters (656
feet) of ocean water, which includes the seashore and most of the continental
shelf.
Oceanic
Zone - extends from 200 meters (656 feet) deep all the way
down to the bottom of the ocean.
Ocean trench -
the deepest parts of the ocean. The deepest one is the Marianas Trench
(located in the South Pacific Ocean -
almost 5 miles (8.05 kilometers)
deep.
Photic Zone - the top layer of the
ocean where sunlight penetrates, above 200 meters
Phytoplankton -
the plant and algae component of the plankton; the primary producers of
most ocean food webs.
Producer - a living
thing that produces its own food within itself, usually by using sunlight energy
in photosynthesis; an autotroph
Salinity -
the amount of dissolved solids in seawater aprroximately 35 parts per
thousand
Upwelling - the upward movement to
the ocean surface of deeper, cold and usually nutrient-rich waters, especially
along some shores, due to the offshore movement of surface waters
Echo sounder
- a device used to determine depth by sound waves.
Fathom - a unit of measure for ocean depth. One fathom
is 6 feet (1.83 meters).
Oceanography -
the study and exploration of the world's
ocean.
ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) -
unmanned submersible tethered to a mother ship and operated by pilots
using a joy stick.
Scuba -
Self-Contained
Underwater Breathing
Apparatus - device that allows divers to breathe underwater for
long periods of
time.
SONAR - SOund
NAvigationRanging - used to measure ocean
depth by sending sound to bounce off the ocean floor.
Submersible - a small submarine used to
explore the ocean depths; equipped with windows, lights, mechanical arms,
cameras and other scientific instruments capable of seeing and recording
data.
Populations Unit 5
Vocabulary
Purpose: To
understand the interaction among organisms in an ecosystem; to connect the flow
of energy within living things to the flow of matter in our environment.
Abiotic- are those non-living
physical and chemical factors which affect the ability of organisms to survive
and reproduce ex. Sunlight, temperature, soil or rocks, availability of water,
pollutants
Biotic- all the
living factors that impact an organism ex. Disease, parasitism,
predation
Biome- a division
based on climate, plants and animals; an environment that has a characteristic
type of climax community ex. Freshwater biome—all of the lake, pond, stream,
& river communities on
Earth
Carrying Capacity- is
the maximum number of organisms the resources of an ecosystem can support. The
carrying capacity of the environment is limited by the available abiotic and
biotic resources (limiting factors), as well as the ability of
ecosystems to recycle the residue of dead organisms through the activities of
bacteria and fungi
Climax
community-a stable community that is in final stage of
succession
Commensalism- a
form of symbiosis in which one organism benefits and the other is not
harmed
Community- the living
part of an ecosystem composed of many
species
Competition- the type
of interaction among organism s; the struggle to obtain needed resources of
food, water, shelter, . .
.
Consumer- an organism that
CANNOT make its own
food
Decomposer-an organism
that breaks down the bodies of dead organisms into simpler substances ex.
Bacteria &
fungi
Dispersal- the movement
of living things from one place to
another
Ecosystem-a unit
consisting of all the living and nonliving things in a given area that interact
with one another
Endangered-
in danger of becoming
extinct
Environment- all t he
living and nonliving things with which an organism may
interact
Food Web- a diagram
that show many overlapping food
chains
Habitat- the place in
which an organism lives and obtains the resources it needs to
survive
Host- an organism that
provides a home to another organism
Unit
Six - Earth History
Absolute
(radioactive)Dating - measurement of the known rates of decay of
radioactive materials that an object contains in order to determine the age of
the object
Index Fossil -
fossil known to have lived in a particular geologic age that can be used to
determine the date of the rock layer in which it was
found
Law of Superposition -
states that in undisturbed rock layers that newer layer will be deposited over
older layers
Law of Crosscutting
Relationships = states rock layers that cut across other rock layers
are younger than those they
cut
Relative Dating -
determining the age or order of things from the past or past events without
knowing or calculating the actual
age
Sedimentary rock - rock
formed by deposition of sand, clay and other pieces of rock that are compacted
together under
pressure
Uranium - radioactive
heavy metal that is an abundant source of nuclear energy that has 14 known
isotopes used in radioactive
dating
Fault - fracture along
which blocks of the Earth's crust that can be caused by the shifting or
dislodging of the Earth's crust. Types include normal, strike slip, or
reverse
Fossils - remains or
traces of animals, plants and other organisms from the past; usually at leat
10000 years old
Geologic Time
Scale = system of chronological measurement that relate to the history
of events in Earth's past, consisting of fossils and major
events
Ice Core - a core
sample of ice removed from a sheet of ice. Properties of the ice and the
crystallized components in the ice are used to reconstruct climatic
record
Igneous rocks - type of
rock formed under or above ground when magma or lava
cools
Metamorphic rock - rock created from
the transformation of other types of rock through heat and
pressure
Adaptation - an inherited mutation in an organism's
DNA that provided an advantage for survival for a
species.
Biologic Change -
change in an organism's genetic makeup, DNA, that occurs through natural
selection of advantageous traits for survival over an extended period of
time.
Biological
classification- the organization and identification of an organism from
general to specific by identifying the organisms' Domain, Kingdom, Phylum,
Class, Order, Genus, and
Species
Comparative anatomy
-the analysis of body structures (body systems , skeletal systems) between two
or more different species that provides insight into the genetic/biologic
similarities and differences across
species
Continental Plate -
the crust that makes up the
continents
Embryological
similarities - liknesses in the embryonic stage of development between
different species; evidence for
evolution.
Extinction -the
complete elimination (dying out) of a species due to the species inability to
survive and therefore adapt to its
environment.
Geographic Change
- the change in a geographic area caused by earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains
forming, and other natural
phenomena.
Geologic Time Scale
- timeline that illustrates Earth's past. This timeline includes the divisors of
the 4.6 billion years of Earth's geologic and biologic existence, and divides
time into eons, eras, periods, and epochs. The divisions of the time scale are
based on major events that have caused major geologic or biologic change
throughout history, such as mass
extinctions.
Geology - the
study of the rocks, processes, and history of
Earth
Homologous Body
Structures - Similar body structures and systems between different
species; evidence for biologic
evolution
Oceanic Plate - the
part of Earth's crust that underlies the
oceans
Plate Tectonics -the
Earth's lithosphere is broken into major and minor plates of continental or
oceanic crust that are in constant motion due to their position above the
convection currents of the asthenosphere. The movement of the tectonic plates is
responsible for geologic and subsequent biologic change over
time.
Theory of Evolution- the
theory that organisms/species change over time, caused by the natural selection
of advantageous traits for survival in a particular environment. This theory
also proposes that all organisms evolved from a common
ancestor.
Adaptation - a
beneficial trait that helps an organism survive in its
environment.
Genetic Variation - the
characteristics that make members of the same species different from one
another.
Variations - are the
different forms of a trait.
Genotype
- the genetic makeup of a cell or organism; defined by certain alleles
for a particular
trait.
Offspring - a child or
animal in relation to its parent or
parents.
Phenotype - the
physical appearance that is a result of the
genotype.
Natural Selection -
explanation of how organisms in a population develop traits that allow them to
survive and
reproduce